Down in the Mount: Indications of Depression Among Grade 11 Students
Keywords:
depression, suicide, Grade 11, PHQ2 and PHQ-9 screening tools
Abstract
There were series of reports in media that depression is one of the pressing problems among teenagers, nowadays. Until about months ago, a Grade 11 student from a certain high school in Pangasinan committed suicide in their own home. Since there are a number of consequences if depression is left undetected, the researchers had the interest to conduct this research to provide baseline information about indications of depression among Grade 11 students of Pangasinan State University-Integrated Laboratory Schools (PSU-ILS)-High School Department in Bayambang Campus. The descriptive survey method and frequency count were used in this study. Utilizing PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 as screening tools, the study revealed that 90% of the subjects of this study indicate mild to moderate depression. The results imply that these students are in need of depression counter measures such as guidance and counselling, family support, school and community support, and the like.
References
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Cavanagh, JO; Owens, DC; Johnstone, EC (1999). "Life events in suicide and undetermined death in south-east Scotland: a case-control study using the method of psychological autopsy". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 34 (12): 645–650. doi:10.1007/s001270050187. PMID 10703274.
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Gilbody, S., Richards, D., Brealey, S., & Hewitt, C. (2007). Screening for depression in medical settings with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): A diagnostic meta-analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(11), 1596-1602. 10.1007/s11606-007-0333-y
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Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care. 2003 Nov;41(11):1284–1292
Kroenke K, SpitzerR, Williams W. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. JGIM, 2001,16:606-616.
Leslie KR, Chike-Harris K. Patient-Administered screening tool may improve detection and diagnosis of depression among adolescents. Clin Pediatr 2018;57:457–60.doi:10.1177/0009922817730343pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28950718PubMedGoogle Scholar
Levis, Brooke, PhD1,2; Ying Sun, MPH1; Chen He, MScPH1; et al., (2020). Accuracy of the PHQ-2 Alone and in Combination With the PHQ-9 for Screening to Detect Major Depression, Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020;323(22):2290-2300. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6504
Lewinsohn PM, Hops H, Roberts RE, Seeley JR, Andrews JA. Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. J Abnorm Psychol. 2010;102(1):133–144.
Lowe B, Kroenke K, Grafe K. Detecting and monitoring depression with a two-item questionnaire (PHQ-2) J Psychosom Res. 2005 Feb;58(2):163–171
Mansour M, Krishnaprasadh D, Lichtenberger J, et alImplementing the Patient Health Questionnaire Modified for Adolescents to improve screening for depression among adolescents in a Federally Qualified Health CentreBMJ Open Quality 2020;9:e000751. doi: 10.1136/bmjoq-2019-000751
Mayo Clinic (2021). Teen Depression. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/symptomscauses/syc-20350985.
National Institute of Mental Health. Major depression. [updated 2017 Nov; cited 2018 June 28] Available from: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression.shtml.
Nock, M.K., Green, J.G., Hwang, I., McLaughlin, K.A., Sampson, N.A., Zaslavsky, A.M., & Kessler, R.C. (2013). Prevalence, correlates, and treatment of lifetime suicidal behavior among adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(3), 300-310.
Orri, Massimiliano, Scardera, Sara, et al., (2020). Mental Health Problems and Risk of Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in Adolescents. Pediatrics July 2020, 146 (1) e20193823; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-3823
Pachucki, M. C. , Ozer, E. J. , Barrat, A. , & Cattuto, C. (2015). Mental health and social networks in early adolescence: A dynamic study of objectively-measured social interaction behaviors. Social Science & Medicine , 125, 40–50. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Richardson, Laura P., Rockhill, Carol, Russo, Joan E., Grossman, David C., Richards, Julie, McCarty, Carolyn, McCauley, Elizabeth, and Katon,Wayne. Evaluation of the PHQ-2 as a Brief Screen for Detecting Major Depression among Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2010 May; 125(5): e1097–e1103.
Perou R, Bitsko RH, Blumberg SJ, Pastor P, Ghandour RM, Gfroerer JC, et al. Mental health surveillance among children—United States, 2005-2011. MMWR Suppl. 2013;62(2):1–35. PubMed PMID: 23677130. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Pine DS, Cohen E, Cohen P, Brook J. Adolescent depressive symptoms as predictors of adult depression: moodiness or mood disorder? Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(1):133–135.
PMC (2010). Evaluation of the PHQ-2 as a Brief Screen for Detecting Major Depression among Adolescents. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100798/
Shaffer D, Fisher P, Dulcan MK, et al. The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): description, acceptability, prevalence rates, and performance in the MECA Study. Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 ;35:865-877.
The Asian Parent (2021). Helping Teens Cope with Depression. Available from: https://ph.theasianparent.com/helping-teens-cope-with-depression/
Thibault JM, Steiner RW. Efficient identification of adults with depression and dementia. Am Fam Physician. 2004;70:1101-1110
UNICEF (2021). Child friendly schools. https://www.unicef.org/lifeskills/index_7260.html#A%20Framework%20for%20Rights-Based,%20Child-Friendly. Accessed 18 August 2021.
Winter LB, Steer RA, Jones-Hicks L, Beck AT. Screening for major depression disorders in adolescent medical outpatients with the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care. J Adolesc Health. 1999;24(6):389–394.
World Health Organization (2021). Global School-based Health Survey Philippines 2015 Fact Sheet. http://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/gshs/PIH2015_fact_sheet.pdf.
World Health Organization (2021). Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates. 2017. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254610/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed 18 August 2021.
Zarate, J. J. V., Peralta, J. G. D., Guinto, V. M. R., & Ferrer, R. C. (2020). Implementation of Outcome-Based Education to STEM Strand in Pangasinan State University. ASEAN Multidisciplinary Research Journal,6(1)
Auerbach, R.P., Tsai, B., & Abela, J.R.Z. (2010). Temporal relationships among depressive symptoms, risky behavior engagement, perceived control, and gender in a sample of adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(3), 726-747
Avenevoli, S., Knight, E., Kessler, R.C., & Merikangas, K.R. (2008). Epidemiology of depression in children and adolescents. In J.R.Z. Abela & B.L. Hankin (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents. (pp. 6-32). New York, N.Y.: Guilford Press.
Avenevoli, S., Swendsen, J., He, J.P., Burstein, M., & Merikangas, K.R. (2015). Major depression in the national comorbidity survey-adolescent supplement: Prevalence, correlates, and treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(1), 37-44 e32.
Billingsley, J. T., & Hurd, N. M. (2019). Discrimination, mental health and academic performance among underrepresented college students: The role of extracurricular activities at predominantly white institutions. Social Psychology of Education, 22(2), 421–446. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Black, K. (2010) “Business Statistics: Contemporary Decision Making” 6th edition, John Wiley & Sons
Blakemore S-J. The social brain in adolescence. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008;9:267–77.doi:10.1038/nrn2353pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18354399CrossRefPubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar
Buckley, P., & Lee, P. (2018). The impact of extra-curricular activity on the student experience. Active Learning in Higher Education, 146978741880898. doi:10.1177/1469787418808988 [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
Brown RA, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR, Wagner EF, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996 Dec; 35(12): 1602-10.
Cavanagh, JO; Owens, DC; Johnstone, EC (1999). "Life events in suicide and undetermined death in south-east Scotland: a case-control study using the method of psychological autopsy". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 34 (12): 645–650. doi:10.1007/s001270050187. PMID 10703274.
Cheung AH, Kozloff N, Sacks D. Pediatric depression: an evidence-based update on treatment interventions. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013;15(8):381. doi: 10.1007/s11920-013-0381-4. 23881712 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-013-0381-4 PubMed PMID: PubMed PMID: 23881712. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Estrada, C.A.M., Nonaka, D., Gregorio, E.R. et al. Suicidal ideation, suicidal behaviors, and attitudes towards suicide of adolescents enrolled in the Alternative Learning System in Manila, Philippines—a mixed methods study. Trop Med Health 47, 22 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-019-0149-6
Gilbody, S., Richards, D., Brealey, S., & Hewitt, C. (2007). Screening for depression in medical settings with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): A diagnostic meta-analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(11), 1596-1602. 10.1007/s11606-007-0333-y
Inquirer.Net (2016). Villanueva: Youth Suicide in PH on the Rise. Available from: http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/847516/villanueva-youth-suicide-in-ph-on-the-rise.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care. 2003 Nov;41(11):1284–1292
Kroenke K, SpitzerR, Williams W. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. JGIM, 2001,16:606-616.
Leslie KR, Chike-Harris K. Patient-Administered screening tool may improve detection and diagnosis of depression among adolescents. Clin Pediatr 2018;57:457–60.doi:10.1177/0009922817730343pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28950718PubMedGoogle Scholar
Levis, Brooke, PhD1,2; Ying Sun, MPH1; Chen He, MScPH1; et al., (2020). Accuracy of the PHQ-2 Alone and in Combination With the PHQ-9 for Screening to Detect Major Depression, Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020;323(22):2290-2300. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6504
Lewinsohn PM, Hops H, Roberts RE, Seeley JR, Andrews JA. Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. J Abnorm Psychol. 2010;102(1):133–144.
Lowe B, Kroenke K, Grafe K. Detecting and monitoring depression with a two-item questionnaire (PHQ-2) J Psychosom Res. 2005 Feb;58(2):163–171
Mansour M, Krishnaprasadh D, Lichtenberger J, et alImplementing the Patient Health Questionnaire Modified for Adolescents to improve screening for depression among adolescents in a Federally Qualified Health CentreBMJ Open Quality 2020;9:e000751. doi: 10.1136/bmjoq-2019-000751
Mayo Clinic (2021). Teen Depression. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/symptomscauses/syc-20350985.
National Institute of Mental Health. Major depression. [updated 2017 Nov; cited 2018 June 28] Available from: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression.shtml.
Nock, M.K., Green, J.G., Hwang, I., McLaughlin, K.A., Sampson, N.A., Zaslavsky, A.M., & Kessler, R.C. (2013). Prevalence, correlates, and treatment of lifetime suicidal behavior among adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(3), 300-310.
Orri, Massimiliano, Scardera, Sara, et al., (2020). Mental Health Problems and Risk of Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in Adolescents. Pediatrics July 2020, 146 (1) e20193823; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-3823
Pachucki, M. C. , Ozer, E. J. , Barrat, A. , & Cattuto, C. (2015). Mental health and social networks in early adolescence: A dynamic study of objectively-measured social interaction behaviors. Social Science & Medicine , 125, 40–50. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Richardson, Laura P., Rockhill, Carol, Russo, Joan E., Grossman, David C., Richards, Julie, McCarty, Carolyn, McCauley, Elizabeth, and Katon,Wayne. Evaluation of the PHQ-2 as a Brief Screen for Detecting Major Depression among Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2010 May; 125(5): e1097–e1103.
Perou R, Bitsko RH, Blumberg SJ, Pastor P, Ghandour RM, Gfroerer JC, et al. Mental health surveillance among children—United States, 2005-2011. MMWR Suppl. 2013;62(2):1–35. PubMed PMID: 23677130. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Pine DS, Cohen E, Cohen P, Brook J. Adolescent depressive symptoms as predictors of adult depression: moodiness or mood disorder? Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(1):133–135.
PMC (2010). Evaluation of the PHQ-2 as a Brief Screen for Detecting Major Depression among Adolescents. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100798/
Shaffer D, Fisher P, Dulcan MK, et al. The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): description, acceptability, prevalence rates, and performance in the MECA Study. Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 ;35:865-877.
The Asian Parent (2021). Helping Teens Cope with Depression. Available from: https://ph.theasianparent.com/helping-teens-cope-with-depression/
Thibault JM, Steiner RW. Efficient identification of adults with depression and dementia. Am Fam Physician. 2004;70:1101-1110
UNICEF (2021). Child friendly schools. https://www.unicef.org/lifeskills/index_7260.html#A%20Framework%20for%20Rights-Based,%20Child-Friendly. Accessed 18 August 2021.
Winter LB, Steer RA, Jones-Hicks L, Beck AT. Screening for major depression disorders in adolescent medical outpatients with the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care. J Adolesc Health. 1999;24(6):389–394.
World Health Organization (2021). Global School-based Health Survey Philippines 2015 Fact Sheet. http://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/gshs/PIH2015_fact_sheet.pdf.
World Health Organization (2021). Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates. 2017. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254610/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed 18 August 2021.
Zarate, J. J. V., Peralta, J. G. D., Guinto, V. M. R., & Ferrer, R. C. (2020). Implementation of Outcome-Based Education to STEM Strand in Pangasinan State University. ASEAN Multidisciplinary Research Journal,6(1)
